Title: MD / Anatomy / MSK
Tags: MD::anatomy::upper_limb MD::anatomy::lower_limb MD::anatomy::back BlueLink::LowerLimb

Q: what is the diff btw flexion and extension?
[...]
A: flexion decreases the angle btw 2 parts whereas extension increases the angle

Q: what is the diff btw dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?
[...]
A: dorsiflexion moves up whereas plantarflexion is down (towards plantar surface)

Q: what is the diff btw abduction and adduction?
[...]
A: abduction is mvmt away from midline; adduction is mvmt towards midline

Q: what is the diff btw circumduction and rotation?
[...]
A: circumduction is cmpd motion whereas rotation is around a longitudinal axis

Q: what is the diff btw supination and pronation?
[...]
A: supination is when palm faces anteriorly (holding soup) whereas pronation is when palm faces posteriorly

Q: what is the diff btw eversion and inversion?
[...]
A: eversion is mvmt of sole of foot laterally whereas inversion is towards median plane

Q: what is diff btw opposition and reposition?
[...]
A: opposition is when thumb moves medially to touch one of 4 fingers whereas reposition is moving thumb towards anatomical position

Q: what is diff btw protraction and retraction?
[...]
A: protraction is when shoulders move forward and scapulae move anterolaterally whereas retraction is when shoulders move backward and scapulae move posteromedially
Extra: e.g., boxer protracts when punching

Extra 1: extrinsic superficial back muscle (hypaxial)

Q: what spinal lvl corresponds w/ the spine of the scapula?
[...]
A: T3

Q: what spinal lvl corresponds w/ the xiphisternal junction?
[...]
A: T10

Q: what spinal lvl corresponds w/ the umbilicus?
[...]
A: L3-4

Q: what spinal lvl corresponds w/ the iliac crests and bifurcation of the abdo aorta?
[...]
A: L4

Q: what is the fn of the spinous process?
[...]
A: acts as attachment site for ligaments and muscles

Q: what is the fn of the zygapophyseal (facet) joint?
1. [...]
2. [...]
A: keep vertebrae properly aligned; allow mvmt of vertebral bodies
Extra: intervertebral forament formed by inf vertebral notch (top) w/ sup vertebral notch (bottom) where spinal nerves can exit

Q: which vessels pass thru transverse cervical foramen?
[...]
A: vertebral artery and veins

Q: why is T12 the most commonly fractured vertebra?
[...]
A: b/c it's subject to increased transitional stress btw thoracic and lumbar spinal regions

Q: what passes thru the sacral foramina?
[...]
A: 4 pairs of sacral nerves

Q: how are the spinous processes oriented in the thoracic vertebrae?
[...]
A: downwards (looks like a giraffe)

Q: what is spondylolysis?
[...]
A: congenital defect OR acquired stress fracture of pars interarticularis (lamina; connects sup. and inf. articular facets) that presents with NO slippage of adjacent articulating vertebrae (most common at L5-S1; Scottie dog appearance)

Q: what is spondylolisthesis?
[...]
A: bilateral defect (complete dislocation / luxation) resulting in anterior displacement of vertebral body (L5 body) relative to the transverse process (dog w/ broken neck)

Q: what usually occurs w/ intervertebral disc herniation?
[...]
A: nucleus pulposus herniates outside the anulus fibrosus, most commonly in a posterolateral direction (b/c anulus fibrosus tears most commonly occur at posterolateral margins of disc)

Q: A 53-year-old woman presents complaining of headaches, neck pain, and stiffness in the neck. Four days prior she had been in a motor vehicle accident where her car while stopped at a red light was struck from the rear by another vehicle. Which ligament is most susceptible to severe stretching or tearing during a whiplash injury?
[...]
A: anterior longitudinal ligament (cervical hyperextension injury)

Q: which bones make up the atlanto-occipital joint?
[...]
A: atlas and occipital bone of skull (permits one to nod head up and down; flexion and extension)
Extra: atlantoaxial joint allows one to rotate head from side to side (atlas and axis joint)
both joints are synovial

Q: Pt presents with pain over the sacro-iliac joint, hip, lateral thigh, and leg. They present w/ numbness in the first 3 toes continuous from the lateral leg. There appears to be no changes in the reflexes of the knee, ankle, and hamstring. At what spinal lvl would an MRI show intervertebral disc herniation?
[...]
A: L4-L5 disc; 5th lumbar nerve root

Q: Pt presents with pain over the sacro-iliac joint, hip, posterolateral thigh, and leg. They present w/ numbness in the back of their calf, lateral heel, and foot to toe. There appears to be a diminished ankle jerk. At what spinal lvl would an MRI show intervertebral disc herniation?
[...]
A: L5-S1 disc; 1st sacral nerve root

Q: where are the axial and appendicular skeletons connected?
[...]
A: at sacroiliac joint
Extra: axial: skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, sternum
appendicular: clavicle, scapula, os coxae (ilium, ischium, pubis), bones of upper and lower extremeties

Q: the [...] is btw the shoulder and elbow whereas the forearm is called the [...]
A: brachium; antebrachium

Extra 1: alar ligament limits axial rotation and lateral bending on the contralateral side, and flexion secondarily

Q: which ligament is contiguous w/ the tectorial membrane?
[...]
A: posterior longitudinal ligament

Q: what allows the IV disc to withstand compression?
[...]
A: anulus fibrosus w/ its circular layers of fibrocartilage

Q: what allows the IV disc to absorb shock when compressed?
[...]
A: nucleus pulposus and its gelatinous core

Q: what is the fn of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
[...]
A: to prevent hyperextension of the vertebral column (its strong, wide, fibrous; extends from base of occipital bone & C1 vertebra to sacrum)

Q: what is the fn of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
[...]
A: prevents hyperflexion and prevents posterior herniation (slipping; more narrow than the anterior longitudinal ligament)

Q: what is the fn of the ligamenta flava?
1. [...]
2. [...]
A: resist separation of vertebral laminae during flexion; help maintain normal curvature of the spinal column

Q: which ligament merges w/ the nuchal ligament?
[...]
A: supraspinous ligament (this limits flexion of head)

Q: why are the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joint synovial joints?
[...]
A: to permit a wider range of motion

Extra 1: The ligamenta flava (singular, ligamentum flavum, Latin for yellow ligament) are a series of ligaments that connect the ventral parts of the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

Q: what do the intertransverse ligaments hold together?
[...]
A: transverse processes

Q: what do the interspinous ligaments hold together?
[...]
A: spinous processes

Q: what do the ligamentum flavum hold together?
[...]
A: ventral parts of the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Q: which are the primary curvatures of the spine?
[...]
A: kyphoses: thoracic and sacral regions (shape retained from original fetal curvature)

Q: which are the secondary curvatures of the spine?
[...]
A: lordoses: cervical and lumbar regions of spine (dev after birth; cervical helps hold up head; lumbar when infant begins to walk)

Extra 1: intermediate extrinsic back muscle

Q: what is the diff btw extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles?
[...]
A: extrinsic is involved in mvmts of upper limb and respiration; intrinsic is involved in mvmts of spine and maintenance of posture

Q: where do the extrinsic muscles (superficial and intermediate) arise from embryologicaly speaking?
[...]
A: hypaxial myotomes

Q: what are the extrinsic (hypaxial) superficial muscles involved in?
[...]
A: mvmts of upper limb (traps, lats, levator scapulae, rhomboids) and attach the pectoral girdle (calvicle, scapula, humerus) to axial skeleton (skull, ribs, spine)

Q: what is the fn of the extrinsic intermediate muscles of the back?
[...]
A: mvmts of rib cage for inspiration (serratus posterior sup and inf)

Q: from which embryological myotome do intrinsic back muscles originate?
[...]
A: epaxial myotomes

Q: which muscles make up the transversospinalis muscles?
[...]
A: rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis

Q: what are the 3 major muscles of the superficial and intermediate intrinsic back muscles?
[...]
A: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis (erector spinalis muscles)

Q: what signals do the posterior (dorsal) roots carry?
[...]
A: sensory
Extra: the word ramus means branch in Latin, so the primary rami are the branches of a spinal nerve, whereas the roots unite to form the spinal nerve

Q: what signals do the anterior (ventral) roots carry?
[...]
A: motor

Q: what signals does the primary ramus carry?
[...]
A: mixed nerves

Q: what signals does the white and grey rami communicans carry?
[...]
A: sympathetic fibers (autonomic)

Q: what does the posterior (dorsal) ramus do?
courses [dorsally/ventrally] to the back and conveys [...] information to and from the [...]
A: dorsally; motor and sensory; skin and the intrinsic (epaxial) back muscles and suboccipital skeletal muscles

Q: what does the ventral (anterior) ramus do?
much larger ramus (branch) that courses laterally and ventrally and innervates [...]
A: all the remaining skin and skeletal muscles of the neck, limbs, and trunk (more hypaxial; extrinsic)

Q: what is the exception to the trunk muscles being innervated by spinal nerves?
[...]
A: accessory nerve (CN XI) innervating traps and SCM muscles

Q: what are the exceptions to all spinal nerves exiting the vertebral column below their respective vertebrae?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: C1: nerve exits btw skull and C1; C8: nerve exits btw C7 and T1 vertebrae; T1: nerve exits btw T1 and T2 vertebrae
Extra: cervical C2-C7 exit superior to their vertebra
all thoracic exit inferior to their vertebra
S1-S4 exit thru sacral foramina
S5 and coccygeal exit thru sacral hiatus

Q: what are common intermediate lvl intrinsic back muscles?
[...]
A: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis (erector spinae)

Q: what are common deep lvl intrinsic back muscles?
[...]
A: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores (all are transversospinales)

Q: what are dermatomes?
[...]
A: area of skin served by common cutaneous sensory nerve branches of a segmental nerve (fibers enter posterior/dorsal roots)

Q: what is fascia?
[...]
A: connective tissue sheet that surrounds a structure or region

Q: what is an aponeurosis?
[...]
A: broad sheet of connective tissue for muscle attachment

Q: what vertebrae is this referring to?
[...]
A: lumbar

Q: where does the iliocostalis originate and insert?
origin: [...]
insert: [...]
A: iliac crest, sacrum, sacral & inf. lumbar spinous processes, supraspinous lig.; ribs and cervical transverse processes

Q: where does the spinalis originate and insert?
originate: [...]
insert: [...]
A: posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, and spinous processes of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae; spinous processes of upper thoracic and midcervical vertebrae

Q: where do the transversospinalis originate and insert?
originate: [...]
insert: [...]
A: transverse processes; spinous processes of superior vertebrae

Q: where do the intercostal muscle originate and insert?
orginate: [...]
insert: [...]
A: inferior border of ribs; superior border of inferior ribs

Q: where do the external obliques originate and insert?
originate: [...]
insert: [...]
A: ribs 5-12; linea alba, pubic tubercle, iliac crest

Q: where do the internal obliques insert?
[...]
A: ribs 10-12 and linea alba

Q: where do the transversus abdominus originate and insert?
originate: [...]
insert: [...]
A: costal cartilages (7-12), thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, connective tissue deep to inguinal ligament; linea alba, pubic crest

Q: where do the rectus abdominus insert?
[...]
A: xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7

Q: how to differentiate btw muscles in the transversospinalis group?
[...]
A: length of their segments

Q: what is the fn of the denticulate ligament?
[...]
A: to anchor the spinal cord along its length at each side to the dura mater

Q: what is the fn of the filum terminale?
[...]
A: anchor for the spinal cord w/in the vertebral canal (connect from conus medullaris to dorsum of coccyx)

what are the unique features of the cervical vertebrae (excluding atlas and axis)?
1. transverse foramina (for passage of vertebral arteries)
2. large, triangular vertebral foramen
3. bifid spinous process (C2-6)
4. small vertebral body

what are the unique features of the thoracic vertebrae?
1. long transverse process w/ articulation for rib tubercle (T1-10)
2. small, circular vertebral foramen (aka spinal canal)
3. long, posteroinferiorly directed spinous process
4. heart-shaped vertebral body w/ articulation for head of rib

what are the unique features of the lumbar vertebrae?
1. long transverse process
2. relatively larger, triangular vertebral foramen
3. short, hatchet-shaped spinous process
4. large, kidney-shaped vertebral body

Q: what are the "yes" and "no" joints?
yes: [...]
no: [...]
A: atlanto-occipital joint (C1-skull); antlanto-axial joint (C1-C2)

Q: describe fibrous joints (synarthroses)
[...]
A: bones joined by connective tissue (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)

Q: describe cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)
[...]
A: bones joined by cartilage, or by cartilage and fibrous tissue

Q: describe synovial joints (diarthroses)
[...]
A: bones joined by joint cavity filled w/ small amount of synovial fluid and surrounded by a capsule

Q: what is the fn of an epicondyle?
[...]
A: acts as an attachment point for muscles (epicondyles are eminences on top/beside a condyle)

Q: what is a condyle?
[...]
A: rounded articular end smaller than a head and usually in pairs

Q: what is a protuberance?
[...]
A: protruding part of a bone

Q: what is a trochanter?
[...]
A: large, blunt elevations on sides of femur

Q: what is a tubercle?
[...]
A: smaller eminences on the bone

Q: what is a tuberosity?
[...]
A: large, round elevation usually serving as an attachment pnt for muscles and connective tissue

Q: what is a malleolus?
[...]
A: rounded process

Q: what is the fn of a bone groove?
[...]
A: house and protect a nerve or blood vessel (narrow, linear depression)

Q: describe the 3 major regions of a bone
[...]
A: diaphysis is the shaft, metaphysis, then epiphysis is the end

Q: what is a suture (fibrous joint)?
[...]
A: zipper-like joints btw bones of skull where short fibers connect interlocking bones

Q: what are syndesmoses?
[...]
A: bones connected thru fibrous membrane (e.g., interosseous membrane btw ulna and radius)

Q: what are gomphoses?
[...]
A: connect roots of teeth to their bony socket

Q: what is the diff btw primary (synchondroses) and secondary cartilaginous (symphyses) joints?
[...]
A: primary are joined together by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate, ribs) whereas secondary are united by fibrocartilage (e.g., IV disc)

Q: what are the 3 major classes of synovial joints?
[...]
A: uniaxial (plane, hinge, pivot), biaxial (saddle, condyloid), multiaxial (ball-and-socket)

Q: A 34-year-old woman presents with a spider bite and a circumscribed area of inflammation on the back of her neck over the C4 dermatome region. Which of the following types of nerve fibers mediate this sensation?
[...]
A: somatic afferents in the C4 posterior root
Extra: Sensation from the skin is mediated by somatic afferents (fibers in the posterior root), and the cell bodies of these sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons) associated with the C4 dermatome reside in the C4 spinal ganglion.

Q: A patient is admitted to the emergency department with a sharp penetrating wound in the upper back region just lateral to the thoracic spine. Based on a quick examination, the physician concludes that several of the spinal ganglia are clearly damaged. Which of the following neural elements are most likely compromised by this injury?
[...]
A: somatic and visceral afferents
Extra: The spinal ganglia between T1 and L2 contain sensory neurons for both somatic and visceral (autonomic) afferent fibers, so both of these modalities would be compromised. Efferent (motor) fibers are not associated with the spinal ganglia.

Q: A work-related injury results in a weakness against resistance in elevation of the scapula and atrophy of one of the lateral neck muscles. The physician suspects damage to a cranial nerve. Which muscle is damaged?
[...]
A: trapezius
Extra: The only muscle of this group innervated by a cranial nerve is the trapezius muscle by the accessory nerve (CN XI). The other neck muscle innervated by CN XI is the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the lateral neck.

Q: An injury results in significant weakness in extension and lateral rotation along the entire length of the spine. Which muscles are injured?
[...]
A: erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostals)

Q: An injury to the back results in a weakened ability to extend and medially rotate the upper limb. Which muscle is likely affected?
[...]
A: latissimus dorsi
Extra: The latissimus dorsi muscle extends and medially rotates the upper limb at the shoulder.

Q: Trauma to the lateral neck results in a lesion to the dorsal scapular nerve and a weakened ability to shrug the shoulders. Which muscle is likely affected?
[...]
A: levator scapulae
Extra: The levator scapulae muscle is innervated by the posterior scapular nerve (C5) and assists the superior portion of the trapezius muscle in shrugging the shoulders.

Q: The loss of innervation to this pair of hypaxial (hypomere) muscles results in a bilateral weakened ability to retract the scapulae but does not affect the ability to elevate the scapulae. Which muscles are likely affected?
[...]
A: rhomboid major
Extra: Hypaxial muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves, and the rhomboid major muscle is a hypaxial muscle that retracts the scapulae.

Q: During spinal surgery, these small intrinsic back muscles must be retracted from the lamina and transverse processes of one or two vertebral segments. What are these muscles called?
[...]
A: rotatores (brevis and longus)
Extra: The rotatores muscles are part of the transversospinales group of muscles that largely fill the spaces between the transverse processes and the spinal processes. Specifically, the rotatores muscles extend between the lamina and transverse processes and stabilize, extend, and rotate the spine.

Q: A woman presents with a painful neck. Imaging reveals spinal stenosis (narrowing of the vertebral foramen). Hypertrophy of which ligaments would most likely result in this syndrome?
[...]
A: ligamentum flavum

Q: During a routine lumbar puncture to sample the CSF, which ligament normally would be penetrated by the spinal needle?
[...]
A: supraspinous ligament and ligamentum flavum
Extra: As the spinal needle descends in the midline of the back, it would normally encounter the supraspinous ligament and ligament flavum before it enters the vertebral foramen. It would then pierce the dura mater and arachnoid mater before reaching the CSF in the subarachnoid space.

Q: The erector spinae muscles are derived from which following embryonic tissue?
[...]
A: epimeres (epaxial, intrinsic)
Extra: The erector spinae muscles are true intrinsic back muscles innervated by posterior rami of the spinal nerves. They are derived from myotomes (mesoderm) forming the epimeres. Hypomeres give rise to skeletal muscle innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves.

Q: Extreme exercise and/or physical trauma may easily damage the spinal cord. However, it is tethered laterally by several important structures that prevent side-to-side excursions of the cord. Which of structures are responsible for this stabilization of the cord?
[...]
A: denticulate ligaments
Extra: The spinal cord is anchored cranially by its continuation intracranially as the brainstem and caudally by the terminal filum, which attaches to the coccyx. However, its lateral movement is limited by approximately 21 pairs of triangular-shaped pia mater extensions (denticulate ligaments) that pierce the arachnoid mater and insert into the dura mater. These attachments limit side-to-side movements of the cord.

Q: Trauma involving the intervertebral foramen between the C3 and C4 vertebrae results in damage to the anterior root of a spinal nerve. Which nerve fibers are damaged?
[...]
A: motor fibers of the C4 spinal cord level
Extra: The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains only motor (efferent) nerve fibers. The first spinal nerve exits the spinal cord between the C1 vertebra (the atlas) and the skull, and each subsequent spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal above the vertebra of the same number. So the anterior root of the C4 spinal nerve exits between the C3 and C4 vertebrae. However, because there are eight cervical nerves and only seven cervical vertebrae, the C8 spinal nerve exits above the T1 vertebra; hence, all remaining thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerves exit via the intervertebral foramen below the vertebra of the same number (e.g., the T1 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen between the T1 and T2 vertebrae).

Q: what is the pollex?
[...]
A: thumb

Q: what is the diff btw varus and valgus?
[...]
A: varus is knees more lateral whereas valgus is more medial
Extra: "Gus likes to stay inside"

Extra 1: uncinates act as levers, which improve the mechanical advantage for the forward rotation of the dorsal ribs and therefore lowering of the sternum during respiration

Extra 1: deep intrinsic back muscles (transversospinalis mm: rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis)

Q: from which embryonic layer did these muscles originate from?
[...]
A: hypomere (hypaxial muscles)
Extra: The anterior trunk musculature can be divided into thoracic and abdominal regions. All the anterior musculature is hypaxial

Q: where does the longissimus originate and insert?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sacrospinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, spinous processes of lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae; between tubercles and angles of ribs, transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, mastoid process

Q: which part of the sacrum supports our weight while sitting?
[...]
A: ischial tuberosity

Q: which two sacral lines form the iliopectineal line?
[...]
A: pectineal line of pubis and arcuate line of ilium

Q: which surface does the head of the femur slide on in the acetabulum?
[...]
A: lunate surface of the acetabulum

Q: what is the purpose of the obturator canal?
[...]
A: to allow passage of obturator nerve and vessels

Q: what does the iliofemoral ligament attach?
[...]
A: to attach the iliac spine and acetabulum to the intertrochanteric line (strongest ligament in the body)

Q: what does the ischiofemoral lig. attach?
[...]
A: to attach the acetabulum to the femoral neck posteriorly

Q: what does the pubofemoral ligament attach?
[...]
A: pubic ramus to lower femoral neck

Q: what is the fn of the patella?
[...]
A: provides leverage for quads during extension (largest sesamoid bone in the body)

Q: which part of the tibia can you feel running down the anterior side of your leg?
[...]
A: anterior border

Q: what bone is the "heel"?
[...]
A: calcaneous (specifically, the calcaneal tuberosity)

Q: which bones comprise the tarsus?
[...]
A: calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiform

Q: A patient complains of being unable to sit without pain and discomfort after falling down. An x-ray reveals a pelvic fracture. What bony structure is most likely fractured in this patient?
[...]
A: ischial tuberosity
Extra: The ischial tuberosities bear much of the body's weight and make the most direct contact to a surface while sitting. Therefore, a fracture of the ischial tuberosity would most likely cause pain and discomfort while trying to sit.

Q: A patient experiences weakness in knee extension after tripping and falling during a basketball game. Imaging reveals a fracture resulting in a distal detachment of his patellar ligament. What bony structure was most likely fractured?
[...]
A: tibial tuberosity
Extra: The tibial tuberosity is a bony structure onto which the patellar ligament inserts after crossing the knee joint. The patellar ligament is the extension of the quadriceps muscle tendon; the quadriceps muscles are the primary extensors of the knee. Therefore, a fracture of the tibial tuberosity explains this patient's weak knee extension.

Q: the medial malleolus helps to [...]
A: prevent inversion of the foot at the ankle

Q: which muscle groups comprise the anterior compartment of the thigh?
[...]
A: flexors of hip and extensors of knee

Q: which muscle groups comprise the medial compartment of the thigh?
1. adductors: [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: magnus, brevis, longus; gracilis; obturator externus

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the pectineus m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: superior pubic ramus; pectineal line of femur

Q: what is the fn of the pectineus m.?
[...]
A: adduct, flex, and medially rotate thigh

Q: what is the pectineus m. innervated by?
[...]
A: femoral and obturator nerve

Q: what are the 3 muscles of the iliopsoas?
[...]
A: liacus, psoas major, psoas minor

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the iliacus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, iliac crest, ant. sacroiliac ligaments; lesser trochanter of femur

Q: which nerve supplies the iliacus?
[...]
A: femoral nerve

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the psoas major?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: T12-L5 vertebrae and discs, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; lesser trochanter of femur

Q: which nerve supplies the psoas major?
[...]
A: anterior rami of L1-L3

Q: what is the fn of the iliopsoas?
1. [...]
3. [...]
4. [...]
A: flexor: thigh at hip joint AND lumbar vertebral column; postural muscle; maintains lumbar lordosis

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the sartorius?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ASIS; sup. part of the medial surface of tibia

Q: which nerve supplies the sartorius m.?
[...]
A: femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Q: what is the fn of the sartorius m.?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: flex hip and knee joints; weakly abducts thigh; rotates thigh laterally

Q: what are the 4 components of the quadriceps femoris?
vastus: [...]
[...]
A: lateralis, intermedius, medialis; rectus femoris

Q: what is the origin of the vastus lateralis?
[...]
A: greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera

Q: what is the origin of the vastus medialis?
[...]
A: medial aspect of linea aspera

Q: what is the origin of the vastus intermedius?
[...]
A: femoral shaft (inserts into tibial tuberosity)

Q: what is the origin of the rectus femoris?
[...]
A: AIIS and ilium

Q: what is the fn of the quadriceps femoris?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. hip fixator / stabilizer
A: extension of leg; absorb shock of heel strike

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the adductor magnus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: inf. rami of pubis and ischium; gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line of femur

Q: where is origin and insertion of the hamstring?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ischial tuberosity; adductor tubercle of femur

Q: what is fn of adductor magnus?
[...]
A: adducts and flexes thigh (innervated by obturator nerve)

Q: what is the fn of the hamstring?
[...]
A: flexes knee and extends thigh (innervated by tibial branch of sciatic nerve)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the adductor brevis?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: body and inf. ramus of pubis; pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the adductor longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: body of pubis; middle 3rd of linea aspera

Q: how to remember joining of sartorius, semitendinosus, and gracilis?
[...]
A: "Say Grace before Tea" (Sartorius, Gracilis, semiTendinosus)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the gracilis?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: body and inf. ramus of pubis; sup. part of medial surface of tibia

Q: what is the fn of the gracilis m.?
1. [...]
2. [...]
A: adduct, flex, and medially rotate the thigh; stabilize knee in extension

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the obturator externus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ext. surface of obturator membrane; trochanteric fossa of femur

Q: what is the fn of the obturator externus?
[...]
A: laterally rotate thigh and steady head of femur

Q: how to remember the order of the structures of the inguinal triangle from lateral to medial?
[...]
A: NAVEL: nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymph nodes

Q: which nerve innervates the ant. thigh?
[...]
A: femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Q: which nerve innervates muscles of the medial thigh?
[...]
A: obturator nerve

Q: A patient attends a follow-up appointment after hip surgery. He is unable to extend his leg at the knee. What nerve was most likely injured during surgery?
[...]
A: femoral nerve
Extra: The femoral nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh, which includes the quadriceps muscles. These muscles are responsible for extension of the leg at the knee. Thus an injury of the femoral nerve would most likely result in weakness of these muscles and subsequent difficulty in knee extension.

Q: If a patient's obturator nerve is damaged, they will most likely exhibit weakness in what action?
[...]
A: adduction of thigh
Extra: The obturator nerve innervates the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh, and the main action of these muscles is adduction of the thigh at the hip joint. Therefore, an injury of the obturator nerve is therefore most likely to result in weakness in adduction of the thigh.

Q: which structures does the adductor canal contain?
[...]
A: femoral artery, vein, nerve (recall NAVEL: nerve, artery, vein, emtpy space, lymphatics)

Q: which nerve "divides" the popliteal fossa into 2?
[...]
A: tibial nerve (branch of the sciatic nerve; derives ant. divisions of ant. rami of L4-S3 spinal nerves)

Q: what does the popliteal artery arise from?
[...]
A: femoral artery

Q: A 28-year-old presents to the emergency department after accidentally piercing the back of their knee with a nail during an at-home construction project. Physical examination reveals the nail is embedded about one inch deep in the popliteal fossa. What structure is most directly at risk of injury from the nail?
[...]
A: tibial nerve
Extra: The tibial nerve branches from the sciatic nerve around the superior angle of the popliteal fossa. It is the most superficial neurovascular structure in the central aspect of the popliteal fossa, and it is therefore most directly at risk with a penetrating injury in this location.

Q: After taking multiple kicks to the right calf, a jiu jitsu fighter is experiencing numbness in the posterior and lateral part of the right leg, extending over the lateral malleolus and foot. Physical examination reveals no motor deficits. Which nerve is likely damaged?
[...]
A: sural nerve
Extra: The sural nerve forms from branches of both the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve superficially in the region of the popliteal fossa. It provides cutaneous sensation to the posterior and lateral aspect of the inferior one third of the leg, the lateral malleolus, and the lateral foot. Damage to the sural nerve explains the pattern of numbness this fighter is experiencing after an injury to the middle portion of the posterior right leg.

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: post. gluteal line of ilium, dorsal surface of sacrum & coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament; iliotibial band (IT band), gluteal tuberosity

Q: whic nerve serves the gluteus maximus?
[...]
A: inf. gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

Q: what is the fn of the gluteus maximus?
1. thigh: [...]
2. sitting up: [...]
3. walking up stairs: [...]
4. stabilizes extended knee
A: steadies, extends, and laterally rotates the thigh; extends trunk; straightens from bending

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the gluteus medius?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: btw post. and ant. gluteal lines; lat. surface of greater trochanter

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the gluteus minimus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: btw ant. and inf. gluteal lines; ant. surface of greater trochanter

Q: what is the fn of the gluteus medius and minimus?
1. [...]
2. [...]
A: abducting, stabilizing, and rotating thigh medially; keep pelvis lvl during walking (prevs sagging of unsupported side)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the tensor fascia lata?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ASIS, ant. part of iliac crest; iliotibial tract (lat. condyle of tibia; aka IT band)

what is the fn of the tensor fascia lata?
1. abduct and stabilize thigh
2. rotate thigh medially
3. keeps pelvis stable on one leg
4. hip flexor

Q: what are the muscles of the deep layer posterior to the gluteus maximus?
[...]
A: obturator internus, piriformis, sup. & inf. gemellus, quadratus femoris

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the piriformis?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ant. surface of sacrum & sacrotuberous lig.; sup. border of greater trochanter
Extra: passes through the greater sciatic foramen

Q: what is the fn of the piriformis, obturator internus, and gemelli?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. steadying femoral head
A: laterally rotate thigh; abduct flexed thigh
Extra: Pee out good: piriformis, obturator internus, gamelli rotate thigh outward

Q: which muscles make up the triceps coxae?
[...]
A: sup. & inf. gemellus and obturator internus

Q: where does the triceps coxae insert?
[...]
A: greater trochanter

Q: what makes up the pes anserinus ("goose foot")?
[...]
A: sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosis
Extra: "Say Grace before Tea"

Q: what is the fn of the quadratus femoris?
[...]
A: rotate thigh laterally and steadying femoral head

Q: which muscles make up the hamstrings?
[...]
A: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris long head (NOT short head)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the hamstrings?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ischial tuberosity; bones of leg

Q: what is the fn of the hamstrings?
[...]
A: to extend the hip and flex the knee

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the semitendinosus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ischial tuberosity; med. surface of sup. tibia

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ischial tuberosity; post. aspect of med. surface of tibial condyle

what is the fn of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
1. extend thigh
2. flex leg
3. rotate leg medially when knee is flexed
4. when thigh and leg are flexed, extends the trunk

Q: where is the insertion and origin of the biceps femoris?
origin (long head): [...]
origin (short head): [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ischial tuberosity; linea aspera & lateral supracondylar line of femur; lat. surface of head of fibula

Q: which nerve serves the biceps femoris?
long head: [...]
short head: [...]
A: tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2); common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)

Q: what is the fn of the biceps femoris?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: flexes leg; rotates laterally when knee is flexed; extends thigh

Q: the semitendinosus is [anterior/posterior] and [medial/lateral] to the semimembranosus
A: anterior; lateral

Q: what are the deep muscles in the gluteal region?
[...]
A: piriformis, triceps coxae (obturator internus, sup & inf. gemellus), quadratus femoris

Q: which compartment of the leg would be most affected by bumping your leg against the table?
[...]
A: ant. compartment (extensor / dorsiflexor compartment)

Extra 1: A retinaculum (plural retinacula) is a band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place. It is not part of any muscle. Its function is mostly to stabilize a tendon.

which muscles comprise the dorsiflexors (ant. compartment)?
1. tibialis ant.
2. extensor digitorum longus
3. extensor hallucis longus
4. fibularis tertius

Q: what is the fn of the tibialis ant.?
[...]
A: dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the tibialis ant. m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lateral condyle & sup. half of lateral surface of tibia & interosseus membrane; inf. surface of medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal

Q: what is the fn of the extensor digitorum longus?
[...]
A: extends lateral 4 digits and dorsiflexes the ankle

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lateral condyle of tibia & sup. 3/4 of medial surface of fibula & interosseus membrane; base of middle phalanx (central) and distal (lateral) phalanx

Q: which muscles help w/ thigh flexion?
[...]
A: iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus

Q: which muscles help w/ hip extension?
[...]
A: gluteus maximums and hamstrings (limited by tightening of iliofemoral lig.)

Q: which muscles help abduct the leg?
[...]
A: gluteus minimus & medius, tensor fascia lata, sartorius
Extra: The gluteus medius muscle is a powerful abductor of the femur at the hip and maintains a relatively stable pelvis when the opposite foot is off the ground. The “gluteal dip” or lurch is seen when the patient stands on the injured limb and the pelvis dips on the other side when that limb is off the ground (a positive Trendelenburg sign). The gluteus medius (and minimus) cannot abduct the hip on the affected side (stance side) to prevent the dip. Usually, this denotes an injury to the superior gluteal nerves (L5-S1) innervating the medius and minimus.

Q: which muscles adduct the leg?
[...]
A: pectineus, adductor (brevis, longus, magnus), gracilis

Q: which muscles help w/ medial rotation of lower extremity?
[...]
A: gluteus minimus & medius (medial rot.), tensor fasia lata

Q: which muscles help w/ lateral rotation of thigh and leg?
[...]
A: gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator (internus, externus), gemelli (sup., inf.), quadratus femoris

Q: which ligament maintains the alignment of the patella during flexion and extension?
[...]
A: patellar ligament

Q: which ligament limits varus and valgus mvmts of the knee?
[...]
A: collateral ligaments (LCL & MCL)

Q: which ligaments contribute to posterolateral stability of knee?
[...]
A: oblique & arcuate popliteal lig.

Q: what does the ACL attach?
[...]
A: ant. intercondylar area w/ medial side of lat. condyle of femur

Q: what is the fn of the ACL?
[...]
A: prevents ant. translation of tibia and prevs hyperextension & internal rotation of knee

Q: what does the PCL attach?
[...]
A: post. intercondylar area and lat. surface of medial condyle of femur

Q: what is the fn of the PCL?
[...]
A: prevents post. translation of tibia and hyperflexion of knee

Extra 1: [sic] prepatellar bursa; common site of housemaid's knee

which 4 bursae communicate w/ the synovial cavity of the knee?
1. suprapatellar bursa
2. anserine bursa
3. gastrocnemius bursa
4. popliteus bursa

Q: which 4 muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?
[...]
A: rectus femoris, vastus (lateralis, intermedius, medialis)

Q: which muscle unlocks the knees to initiate gait?
[...]
A: popliteus m. (laterally rotates femur; knee passively locks due to medial rotation of femoral condyles)

Q: which artery and anastamosis supplies the knee joint?
[...]
A: popliteal artery, tibial artery, periarticular genicular anastamosis

Q: which nerves supply the muscles crossing the knee joint?
[...]
A: femoral, which branches into the tibial and common fibular nn.; saphenous n. (from the sciatic)

Q: which ligaments prevent inversion of the ankle?
[...]
A: ant. & post. talofibular lig. and calcaneofibular lig.

Q: which ligament stabilizes the ankle during eversion and prevents subluxation?
[...]
A: medial lig. (deltoid)

Q: which leg muscles are responsible for dorsiflexion?
[...]
A: muscles in ant. compartment (extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior)

Q: which leg muscles are responsible for plantarflexion?
[...]
A: muscles in post. compartment (tibialis post., flexor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorum longus)

Q: what are the 4 lateral ligaments of the ankle?
[...]
A: ant. and post. talofibular lig., calcaneofibular lig., deltoid lig.

Q: what is the fn of the medial/deltoid lig. of the ankle?
[...]
A: stabilizes joint during eversion and prevents subluxation (loose joint)

Q: which muscles help in dorsiflexion?
1. extensors: [...]
2. [...]
A: digitorum longus, hallucis longus; tibialis ant.

which muscles help in plantarflexion?
1. flexors: digitorum longus, hallucis longus
2. tibialis post.
3. soleus
4. gastrocnemius

Q: which arteries supply the ankle?
[...]
A: malleolar branches: fibular a., ant. and post. tibial aa.

Q: which nerves supply the ankle?
[...]
A: deep fibular n. and tibial n.

Q: which ankle muscles are involved in inversion?
[...]
A: tibialis post. and ant.

Q: which ankle muscles are involved in eversion?
[...]
A: fibularis longus and brevis

Q: which ligaments maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) lig.; long plantar ligament; plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament

Q: which bones make up the transverse arch of the foot?
[...]
A: bases of metatarsals, cuboid, cuneiforms

Q: which bones make up the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
[...]
A: talus, navicular, cuneiform, medial 3 metatarsals

Q: which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?
[...]
A: calcaneous, cuboid, lateral 2 metatarsals

Q: which 3 ligaments (from superficial to deep) support the arch of the foot?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: long plantar lig.; short plantar lig. (plantar calcaenocuboid lig.); spring lig. (plantar calcaneonavicular lig.)

Q: what are the 3 fascial compartments of the leg?
[...]
A: ant., lat., post. (superficial & deep)

Q: which fascial layer separates the ant. from lat. leg?
[...]
A: ant. intermuscular septum

Q: which fascial layer separates the lat. from post. leg?
[...]
A: post. intermuscular septum

Q: which fascial layer separates the ant. from post. leg?
[...]
A: interosseous membrane

which muscles are the dorsiflexors of the leg (ant. compartment)?
1. tibialis ant.
2. extensor digitorum longus
3. extensor hallucis longus
4. fibularis tertius

Extra 1: extensor digitorum longus is ant. to extensor hallucis longus

Q: which nerve innervates the ant. compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: deep fibular nerve (L4-S2)

Q: which artery supplies the ant. compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: ant. tibial a.

Q: what is the fn of the tibialis ant.?
[...] and [...]
A: ankle dorsiflexion; foot inversion (strongest dorsiflexor)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the tibialis ant.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. condyle & sup. half of lat. surface of tibia and interosseus membrane; inf. surface of medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal

Q: what is the fn of the extensor hallucis longus?
[...]
A: extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor hallucis longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: middle part of ant. surface of fibula and interosseous membrane; base of distal phalanx of great toe

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the fibularis tertius?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: inf. 1/3 of ant. surface of fibular and interosseous membrane; dorsum of 5th metatarsal

Q: what is the fn of the fibularis tertius?
[...]
A: dorsiflexion and foot eversion

Q: from where does the ant. tibial a. arise and what does it become?
arise: [...]
become: [...]
A: popliteal a.; dorsalis pedis a.

Q: which muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: fibularis longus and brevis

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the fibularis longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: head & sup. 2/3 of lat. surface of fibula; base of 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the fibularis brevis?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: inf. 2/3 of lat. surface of fibula; dorsal surface of tuberosity of 5th metatarsal

Q: what is the fn of the fibularis longus and brevis?
[...]
A: ankle eversion and weak plantarflexion

Q: which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: superficial fibular n. (L4-S2; motor: fibularis mm.; sensory: skin on distal part of ant. leg & nearly all the dorsum of the foot)

Q: which vessels serve the proximal aspect of the lateral compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: perforating branches of the ant. tibial a. & v. (penetrates ant. intermuscular septum)

Q: which vessels serve the distal aspect of the lateral compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: perforating branches of the fibular a. & v. (penetrates post. intermuscular septum)

Q: what divides the superficial and deep compartments of the posterior (plantarflexor) compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: transverse intermuscular septum

Q: which muscles make up the calf?
[...]
A: plantaris and triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus)

Q: where do the calf muscles insert?
[...]
A: calcaneous via calcaneal tendon (aka Achilles tendon)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius?
origin (medial head): [...]
origin (lat. head): [...]
insertion: [...]
A: popliteal surface of femur (sup. to medial femoral condyle); lat. aspect of lat. femoral condyle; post. surface of calcaneous

Q: what is the fn of the gastrocnemius?
[...]
A: plantarflexion and knee flexion

Q: where is the origin of the soleus?
[...]
A: post. aspect of head of fibula & post. surface of fibula, soleal line, tendinous arch

Q: what is the fn of the soleus?
[...]
A: plantarflexion (acts w/ gastrocnemius when knee extended; acts alone when knee flexed)

Q: how to work out gastrocnemius and soleus?
gastrocnemius: [...]
soleus: [...]
A: standing calf raises; sitting calf raises

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the plantaris?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. supracondylar line of femur, oblique popliteal lig.; calcaneal tendon

Q: what are the main muscles of the superficial compartment of the post. leg?
[...]
A: gastrocnemius (medial & lat. head), plantaris, soleus

Q: which muscles make up the deep post. compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: popliteus, tibialis post., flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the popliteus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. aspect of lat. femoral condyle, post. horn of lat. meniscus; post. surface of tibia above soleal line

Q: what is the fn of the popliteus?
[...]
A: unlocks the locked knee by rotating femur laterally

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the flexor hallucis longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: post. surface of inf. 2/3 of fibula & ant. part of interosseous membrane; base of distal phalanx of great toe

Q: what is the fn of the flexor hallucis longus?
[...]
A: flex all joints of great toe & weak plantarflexion

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: medial part of post. surface of tibia (inf. to soleal line); distal phalanges of lat. 4 digits

Q: what is the fn of the flexor digitorum longus?
[...]
A: flexes lateral 4 digits, ankle plantarflexion

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the tibialis post.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: interosseous membrane & adjacent post. surfaces of tibia & fibula; bones of foot

Q: what is the fn of the tibialis post.?
[...]
A: foot inversion & plantarflexion, supports medial longitudinal arch

what are the 5 structures running thru the tarsal tunnel from ant. to post.?
1. tibialis post. tendon
2. flexor digitorum longus tendon
3. tibial artery
4. tibial nerve
5. flexor hallucis longus tendon

Q: which nerve innervates the muscles of the post. leg compartment?
[...]
A: tibial n. (runs from popliteal fossa to become medial & lat. plantar nn.)

Q: which artery serves the post. leg compartment?
[...]
A: post. tibial artery (begins at distal border of popliteus & becomes medial & lat. plantar arteries)

Q: which artery serves the post. & lat. leg compartments?
posterior: [...]
lateral: [...]
A: tibial a.; fibular a. (largest & most impt branch of post. tibial a.)

Q: A soccer player is accidentally kicked and fractures their tibia. All of a sudden, they start to lose sensation in the web space between the first and second toes. What leg compartment is the affected nerve located in?
[...]
A: ant. compartment (deep fibular n.)
Extra: The main nerve of the anterior compartment is the deep fibular nerve. It is one of the two terminal branches of the common fibular nerve, arising between the fibularis longus muscle and the neck of the fibula. This nerve supplies cutaneous sensation to the interdigital space between the first and second toes.

Q: what are the 2 deep fascia of the thigh and leg?
[...]
A: fascia lata (thigh) and crural fascia (leg)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the fascia lata?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: iliac crest & ASIS; iliotibial tract

Q: what are the 3 compartments of the thigh?
[...]
A: ant., post., medial (NO lateral)

Q: what is the fn of the ant. thigh compartment?
[...]
A: flex hip and extend knee

Q: what is the fn of the post. thigh compartment?
[...]
A: extend hip & flex knee

Q: what is the fn of the medial thigh compartment?
[...]
A: adduct thigh

Q: where does the femoral vein, great saphenous vein, and sup. epigastric vessels penetrate?
[...]
A: saphenous opening (which is usually covered w/ cribiform fascia)

Q: what is the fn of the ant. compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: invert foot and dorsiflexion (extend ankle joint)

Q: what is the fn of the lat. compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: everts foot

Q: what is the fn of the post. compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: plantarflexion & foot inversion

Q: what is the fn of the great saphenous vein?
[...]
A: superficial drainage of lower extremity

Q: which anterior rami forms the lumbar plexus?
[...]
A: L1-L4

Q: which anterior rami forms the sacral plexus?
[...]
A: L4/5-S4

Q: which ant. rami make up the femoral nerve?
[...]
A: L2-L4 to serve anterior compartment of hip and thigh (passes deep to inguinal lig.)

Q: which ant. rami does the obturator n. arise from?
[...]
A: L2-L4 to serve med. compartment of hip and thigh (passes thru obturator foramen)

Q: where does the saphenous nerve innvervate in leg?
[...]
A: medial and ant. aspect of leg

Q: which ant. rami form the common fibular nerve?
[...]
A: L4-S2 to serve the lat. compartment of the leg

Q: which nerves give rise to the sural nerve?
[...]
A: tibial and common fibular branches

Q: what does the sup. gluteal nerve (L5-S1) serve?
[...]
A: gluteus medius & minimus, tensor fascia lata (passes thru greater sciatic foramen)

Q: what does the inf. gluteal nerve (L5-S2) serve?
[...]
A: gluteus maximus (passes thru greater sciatic foramen)

Q: which ant. rami forms the sciatic nerve?
[...]
A: L4-S3 (passes thru greater sciatic foramen)

Q: which vein drains the lateral compartment of the leg?
[...]
A: fibular vein

Q: which vein drains the ant. and post. compartments of the leg?
[...]
A: tibial veins

Q: what drains the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes?
[...]
A: great saphenous vein and popliteal nodes

Q: which lymph nodes receive most lymph from lower limb nodes?
[...]
A: ext. iliac nodes

Q: which lymph nodes drains the leg via the small saphenous vein?
[...]
A: popliteal nodes

Q: An elderly patient who has been minimally ambulatory is transported to the clinic with a swollen lower limb and evidence of a deep vein thrombosis. Your examination reveals a sizable clot in her small saphenous vein, and you are concerned that a thromboembolus might originate from this clot and pass to her heart and lungs. After it exits the small saphenous vein, the thromboembolus would next pass into which vein on its journey to the heart?
[...]
A: popliteal (which drains into the femoral veins)
Extra: The small saphenous vein drains superiorly along the posterior aspect of the leg and then dives deeply to drain into the popliteal vein deep within the knee.

Q: The hip is a stable ball-and-socket synovial joint with several strong supporting ligaments. Hip flexion exhibits a significant range of motion, but hip extension is more limited. Which hip ligament is the strongest ligament and the one that limits hip extension?
[...]
A: iliofemoral
Extra: The iliofemoral ligament forms an inverted “Y” (of Bigelow) configuration. It is the strongest of the hip ligaments and limits hyperextension.

Q: A football player receives a blow to the lateral aspect of his weight-bearing right leg and immediately feels his knee give way. Under extreme pain, he is carried from the field and immediately examined by the team physician, who is able to move the player’s right tibia forward excessively compared with the uninjured leg. Which ligament is injured?
[...]
A: ACL
Extra: Excessive movement of the tibia forward on a fixed femur suggests rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament, which limits hyperextension. The posterior cruciate ligament is shorter and the stronger of the two cruciate ligaments.

Q: During a routine physical exam, the physician taps a patient’s patellar ligament with a reflex hammer and elicits a knee-jerk reflex. Which nerve mediates this patellar reflex?
[...]
A: femoral n. (reflex is from L3-L4)
Extra: Extension of the knee occurs with the contraction of the quadriceps femoris group of muscles, which are innervated by the femoral nerve (L2-L4). The patellar reflex tests the L3-L4 component of the femoral nerve.

Q: A long-distance runner is examined by her physician after complaining of pain along the anteromedial aspect of her left leg, extending from just below the knee to just above the ankle. She has been running on a hard surface and notices that the pain is especially acute as she pushes off from the ground with the affected limb. Which of muscle of the leg is most likely affected by this stress injury?
[...]
A: tibialis post.
Extra: The leg muscles are encased in a strong and tight crural fascia, and overuse of these muscles can lead to swelling and pain or damage to the muscles in this tight compartment. The muscle most often affected by pushing off the ground is the tibialis posterior muscle during the action of plantarflexion at the ankle.

Q: An inversion ankle injury results in the tearing of two of the three major ligaments that stabilize this joint. Which two ligaments are most likely injured?
[...]
A: ant. talofibular then calcaneofibular
Extra: These two ligaments are the most susceptible to inversion injuries of the ankle. In a very severe injury, the posterior talofibular ligament also may be injured.

Q: An 11-year-old boy jumps from a tree house 15 feet above the ground and lands on his feet before rolling forward, immediately feeling extreme pain in his right ankle. Radiographic examination reveals that he has broken the most frequently fractured tarsal bone in the body. Which tarsal bone is most likely fractured?
[...]
A: calcaneus
Extra: The calcaneus is a rather soft (cancellous) bone compared with the denser talus. A fall from a great height that includes landing on the feet will result in the talus being driven down into the calcaneus, causing an intraarticular fracture.

Q: A laceration across the back of the lower leg results in numbness over the site of the laceration that extends inferiorly over the heel and the lateral back of the sole. Which nerve was mostly likely injured?
[...]
A: sural n.
Extra: The sural nerve is a cutaneous nerve (contains only somatic afferent fibers and postganglionic sympathetic fibers) and lies subcutaneously along the posterior aspect of the leg and close to the small saphenous vein. It innervates the skin of the calf, heel, and posterior sole.

Q: A 54-year-old man presents with an inability to fully dorsiflex his foot at the ankle, although he can invert and evert his foot. Which nerve may be affected?
[...]
A: deep fibular n.
Extra: Since the man can evert and invert but cannot fully dorsiflex at the ankle, he most likely has injured his deep fibular nerve. If he had lost eversion alone, he would have injured the superficial fibular nerve and if dorsiflexion and eversion were weakened, then one would suspect an injury of the common fibular nerve.

Q: A man is seen in the clinic waiting room who enters with a “shuffling” gait and a weakened ability to plantarflex his foot. Which nerve-muscle combinations is most likely involved?
[...]
A: tibial n. and tibialis post. m.

Q: A 38-year-old woman complains of pain in her feet when walking. Examination reveals the presence of bunions on the medial aspect of both her great (first) toes, from wearing shoes with a very narrow toe. Which clinical terms is used to describe this condition?
[...]
A: hallux valgus
Extra: Hallux valgus is the clinical term for a bunion. Bunions result from a medial angling of the distal first metatarsal (varus) coupled with a subluxation and proximal lateral displacement (valgus) of the first phalanx (big toe).

Q: Irritation of the knee in a cleaning lady who scrubs floors on her knees results in septic bursitis and “housemaid’s knee.” Which bursa is most likely involved?
[...]
A: prepatellar bursa
Extra: The prepatellar bursa lies right over the lower aspect of the patella and the patellar ligament when the knee is flexed. Thus, it is in the perfect position to bear the brunt of the pressure on the bended knee.

Q: Weakened flexion of the thigh and abduction at the hip, and flexion of the leg at the knee would suggest an injury to which muscle?
[...]
A: sartorius m.
Extra: The sartorius (“tailor’s”) muscle flexes and abducts the hip and flexes the knee (think about the action of sitting in a chair with one thigh crossed over the other, as a “tailor” might do while stitching). Thus, it acts on both joints and is innervated by branches of the femoral nerve.

Q: An athlete “pulls” her hamstring muscles while sprinting. Although this muscle is a muscle of the posterior compartment of the thigh and does flex the leg at the knee, it is not a true hamstring. Which muscle is this?
[...]
A: short head of the biceps femoris
Extra: The biceps femoris (short head) is a muscle of the posterior compartment of the thigh but only flexes the leg at the knee and does not cross the hip joint and extend the thigh at the hip, like the other three “hamstring” muscles. Therefore, it is not a true hamstring muscle and not as commonly injured.

Q: A 15-year-old adolescent boy suffers a skateboard accident while “showing off” to friends. Examination reveals a sagging left pelvis or dip when he places his weight on his right leg while walking. Which of the following nerve-muscle combinations is most likely responsible for this presentation?
[...]
A: right superior gluteal nerve and gluteus medius and minimus muscles
Extra: This is a positive Trendelenburg sign and indicates paralysis (usually from polio, hip surgery, or a pelvic fracture) of the hip adductors (gluteus medius and minimus muscles) innervated by the superior gluteal nerves on the side of the limb that is weight-bearing, in this case, the right lower limb. The opposite hip “dips,” and the patient may actually lurch to the weakened side to maintain a level pelvis when walking. Thus, when one is standing on the right leg and the left pelvis dips or drops, a positive right Trendelenburg sign is present (i.e., the contralateral side dips because the ipsilateral hip adductors [in this case, those on the right side] cannot stabilize the pelvis to prevent the dip).

Q: A 14-year-old high school track athlete has pain in his foot, which becomes more and more intense throughout the track season. Examination by an orthopedic surgeon reveals that the cause of his pain is flat feet. Which ligament is most likely weakened, accounting for this condition?
[...]
A: plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) lig.

Q: Following an accident at home when she walked into a coffee table, a 59-year-old woman presents with footdrop and a weakened ability to dorsiflex and evert her foot at the ankle. Which nerve has she most likely injured?
[...]
A: common fibular nerve
Extra: Footdrop and weakened eversion of the foot are associated with weakness of the anterior and lateral compartment muscles of the leg, all innervated by the common fibular nerve. This nerve is the most commonly injured nerve of the lower limb.

Q: During a routine examination, you notice that your patient has a weakened calcaneal (Achilles) tendon reflex. Which spinal cord levels is associated with this tendon reflex?
[...]
A: S1-S2
Extra: Tapping the calcaneal tendon elicits the reflex contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, and is associated with the S1-S2 nerve roots. Level L3-L4 is associated with the patellar ligament reflex.

Q: which artery gives rise to the medial and lat. circumflex branches to the hip?
[...]
A: deep femoral a.

Q: what is the fn of the muscles of the ant. abdo wall?
[...]
A: compression & support of abdo viscera (some trunk flexion)

Q: what is the fn of the muscles of the external and internal intercostals?
external: [...]
internal interosseus: [...]
internal interchondral: [...]
A: elevation of ribs; depression of ribs; elevation of ribs

Q: what is the fn of the muscles of the erector spinae?
[...]
A: extension of vertebral column & head, lat. flexion of vertebral column

Q: what is the fn of the muscles of the transversospinalis?
[...]
A: stabilization & extension of vertebral column

Q: where should gluteal injections be administered?
[...]
A: superior lateral quadrant (pointer finger at ASIS, palm over greater trocahnter, 3rd finger just posterior to post. iliac crest)

Q: Where do sympathetic fibres for the body wall (somatic) structures synapse?
[...]
A: sympathetic chain ganglia
Extra: E is the sympathetic chain ganglia

Q: what is the filum terminale?
[...]
A: extension of pia mater that descends w/in lumbar vertebral foramen
Extra: The filum terminale is continuous with the pia mater and is described as having two sections:
- filum terminale internum: upper three quarters of the filum; covered by the spinal dura and arachnoid meninges
- filum terminale externum: lower quarter of the filum; fuses with the investing dura mater and continues inferiorly to attach to the dorsal coccyx

Q: Which of the following structures carries somatic motor nerve fibres to the hypaxial musculature?
[...]
A: B (ant./ventral ramus) and D (ant./ventral roots)

Q: what are the 5 primary hip flexors?
[...]
A: iliacus, psoas, pectineus, rectus femoris, sartorius

Q: what are the primary hip extensors?
[...]
A: gluteus maximus, adductor magnus, hamstrings

Q: 70F fractures their hip and damages their sciatic nerve. What motor signs would be present?
[...]
A: weakness in knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion & plantarflexion

Q: what does damage to the following nerves result in?
femoral n. (L2-L4, ant. thigh): [...]
obturator n. (L2-L4, med. thigh): [...]
sciatic n. (L4-S3, post. thigh, all of leg): [...]
A: inability to fully extend knee; inability to adduct the thigh; inability to extend thigh, flex knee, dorsiflex & plantarflex

Q: what is a common complication of great saphenous vein harvesting?
[...]
A: saphenous n. injury causing pain/numbness along medial leg & foot

Q: what is a common clinical presentation of sup. gluteal n. injury?
[...]
A: Trendelenburg gait

Q: Patient presents with loss of sensation between the 1st and 2nd toes, weakness of foot dorsiflexion & inversion, foot drop, and loss of dorsalis pedis a. pulse. What is the most likely cause?
[...]
A: ant. compartment syndrome
Extra: 6 Ps: pain, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis, palpable swelling, pulselessness

Q: how to assess for calcaneal tendon rupture?
[...]
A: Thompson test (aka calf squeeze); +ve if ankle doesn't plantarflex

Q: what muscle is injured in shin splints?
[...]
A: tibialis ant.

Q: what are the wrist bones called?
[...]
A: carpal bones (hand bones called metacarpals, fingers called phalanges)

Q: which bones does the clavicle articulate w/?
[...]
A: manubrium and acromion

Q: what are the most commonly damaged nerves in glenohumeral dislocations?
[...]
A: axillary and musculocutaneous nn. (ant. dislocation usually due to athletic injuries, e.g., throwing motion)

Q: what does the humerus articulate w/?
[...]
A: glenoid cavity of scapula and both radius and ulna

Q: how to remember the articulation of the humerus with the radius and ulna?
[...]
A: CRAzy TULips (Capitulum articulating w/ RAdius; Trochlea articulating w/ ULna)

Q: which two parts of the ulna forms the trochlear notch?
[...]
A: olecranon and coronoid process

Extra 1: So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb

Q: what are the only 2 carpal bones which articulate w/ the radius?
[...]
A: scaphoid and lunate

Q: what are the only 2 carpal bones to articulate w/ the fibrocartilaginous disc btw the ulna, radius, and carpal bones?
[...]
A: lunate and triquetrum

what does So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb help us remember for carpal bones?
1. Scaphoid
2. Lunate
3. Triquetrum
4. Pisiform
5. Hamate
6. Capitate
7. Trapezoid
8. Trapezium

Q: which joints make up the knuckles of the clenched hand?
[...]
A: metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints

Q: A patient experiences extreme pain and weakness in supinating their forearm, after someone fell on their anterior elbow during a wrestling match. You send the patient for imaging to see if any fractures have occurred. A fracture to what bony structure most likely explains the weakness in supination?
[...]
A: radial tuberosity
Extra: The radial tuberosity serves as the muscle attachment point for the biceps brachii muscle, which aids in supination of the forearm (along with the supinator muscle). A fracture to the radial tuberosity would result in difficulty supinating the affected forearm.

Q: where is the pectoral fascia connected to?
[...]
A: clavicle, sternum, fascia of ant. abdo wall, axillary fascia

Q: which fascia contributes to the suspensory lig. of the axilla?
[...]
A: calvipectoral fascia (suspensory lig. of axilla)

Q: which fascia attaches to the spine of the scapula, acromion process, pectoral fascia, and fascia of arm?
[...]
A: deltoid fascia

Q: which fascia covers the arm?
[...]
A: brachial fascia

Q: what are the 2 compartments of the arm?
[...]
A: ant. (flexor) and post. (extensor)

Q: what is the fn of the ant. compartment of the antebrachium?
[...]
A: flex and pronate

Q: what is the fn of the post. compartment of the antebrachium?
[...]
A: extend and supinate

Q: which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
[...]
A: median n. (often due to repetitive mvmts related wrist flexion & extension)

Q: what are the 3 major superficial veins of the upper limb?
[...]
A: cephalic, antebrachial, basilic

Q: where does the cephalic vein travel from hand to arm?
[...]
A: lat. side of antebrachium & brachium; branches into median cubital v. at the antecubital fossa

Q: where does the basilic vein travel from hand to arm?
[...]
A: on med. side of antebrachium and brachium to axillary vein

Q: which veins anastamose to form the brachial v.?
[...]
A: radial and ulnar vv.

Q: which main veins anastamose to form the axillary v.?
[...]
A: brachial and basilic vv. (superficial anastamosis: cephalic)

Q: which ant. rami form the brachial plexus?
[...]
A: C5-T1

Q: which ant. ramus forms the lat. cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal n. (intercostobrachial n.)?
[...]
A: T2

Q: which ant. rami form the supraclavicular nn.?
[...]
A: C3-C4

Q: which ant. rami form the sup. and inf. lat. cutaneous nerve of arm?
[...]
A: C5-C6 (sup. is axillary, inf. is radial)

Q: which ant. rami form the intercostobrachial n.?
[...]
A: T2

Q: which ant. rami form the post. cutaneous n.?
[...]
A: C5-C8 (from radial n.)

Q: which ant. rami form the med. cutaneous n. of arm?
[...]
A: C8-T1

Q: which ant. rami forms the post. cutaneous n. of the forearm?
[...]
A: C5-C8

Q: which ant. rami forms the lat. cutaneous n. of the forearm?
[...]
A: C5-C6

Q: which ant. rami forms the medial antebrachial cutaneous n. of the forearm?
[...]
A: C8-T1 (runs w/ ulnar nerve, perforates deep fascia)

Q: which ant. rami forms the palmar cutaneous branch of the median n.?
[...]
A: C6-C8

Q: which ant. rami forms the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar n.?
[...]
A: C8-T1

Q: which ant. rami forms the superficial branch of the radial n.?
[...]
A: C6-C8

Q: which ant. rami form the digital branches of the median nerve?
[...]
A: C6-C8

Q: which ant. rami form the palmar digital branches of the ulnar nerve?
[...]
A: C8-T1

Q: which ant. rami form the digital branches of the radial nerve?
[...]
A: C6-C8

Q: what is the mnemonic to remember hierarchy of nerve areas in the brachial plexus?
[...]
A: Remember To Drink Cold Beer (roots, trunks, divisions, cords, terminal branches)

Extra 1: Remember To Drink Cold Beer (roots, trunks, divisions, cords, terminal branches)

Q: what does the long thoracic n. innervate?
[...]
A: provides motor innervation to serratus ant. m. (C5-C7)

Q: what does the dorsal scapular n. innervate?
[...]
A: provides motor innervation to rhomboids and levator scapulae (C5)

Q: what does the phrenic n. innervate?
[...]
A: provides motor and sensory innervation to diaphragm (C5)

Q: which roots combine to form the sup. nerve trunk of the brachial plexus?
[...]
A: C5-C6

Q: which roots combine to form the inf. nerve trunk of the brachial plexus?
[...]
A: C8 and T1

Q: what does the suprascapular n. innervate?
[...]
A: motor innervation of supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm. (division of sup. trunk)

Q: what does the subclavius n. innervate?
[...]
A: motor innervation to subclavius m. (division of sup. trunk)

Q: which trunks form the lat. cord of the brachial plexus?
[...]
A: ant. sup. trunk & ant. middle trunk

Q: which trunks form the post. cord of the brachial plexus?
[...]
A: post. sup. trunk, post. middle trunk, post. inf. trunk

Q: which trunk(s) form the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
[...]
A: ant. branch of the inf. trunk

Q: what does the lat. pectoral n. innervate?
[...]
A: motor innervation to pectoralis major & minor mm.

Q: what does the upper subscapular n. innervate?
[...]
A: subscapularis m.

Q: what does the lower subscapular n. innervate?
[...]
A: motor innervation to subscapularis & teres major mm.

Q: what does the thoracodorsal n. innervate?
[...]
A: motor innervation to latissimus dorsi m.

Q: what does the medial cutaneous n. of arm and forearm innervate?
[...]
A: sensory innervation to medial skin of arm & forearm respectively

Q: what does the medial pectoral n. of arm and forearm innervate?
[...]
A: motor innervation to pectoralis major & minor mm.

Q: which ant. rami form the axillary n.?
[...]
A: C5-C6

Q: which ant. rami form the radial n.?
[...]
A: C5-T1

Q: which ant. rami form the median n.?
[...]
A: C5-T1 (medial and lat. cords form it)

Q: which ant. rami form the ulnar n.?
[...]
A: C8-T1

Q: what does the axillary n. serve (C5-C6)?
[...]
A: deltoid and teres minor mm.; sentinal patch of sensation on lat. arm

Q: what does the musculocutaneous n. serve (C5-C6)?
[...]
A: ant. compartment of arm; skin of lat. aspect of forearm

what does the median n. serve (C7-T1)?
1. all muscles of ant. compartment of forearm EXCEPT FCU and ulnar half of FDP
2. thenar intrinsic mm
3. skin of palm and palmar aspects of digits lat. to axial line of digit IV

Q: what does the ulnar n. serve (C8-T1)?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus; most intrinsic muscles of hand (thenar, hypothenar, interossei, lumbrical mm.; except those supplied by median n.); skin of palmar and dorsal hand medial to axial line of digit IV

Q: what does the radial n. serve (C5-T1)?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: post. compartments of arm and forearm; skin of post. arm and forearm; dorsal aspect of hand lat. to axial line of digit IV

Q: A human cadaveric model is being studied to better understand the anatomic distribution and innervation of muscles in the upper extremity, chest, and back. A nerve root is stimulated with an electrical impulse, which results primarily in the contraction of the lumbricals and interossei of the hand. Which nerve root is being tested in this experiment?
[...]
A: T1 (ulnar n.)

Q: which nerve roots are associated w/ the biceps reflex?
[...]
A: C5-C6

Q: which nerve roots are associated w/ the brachioradialis reflex?
[...]
A: C5-C6

Q: which nerve roots are associated w/ the triceps reflex?
[...]
A: C7-C8

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii m.?
origin (short head): [...]
origin (long head): [...]
insertion: [...]
A: coracoid process (of scapula); supraglenoid tubercle (of scapula); radial tuberosity

Q: what innervates the biceps brachii m.?
[...]
A: musculocutaneous n. (C5-C6)

Q: what is the fn the biceps brachii m.?
1. [...]
2. [...]
A: supinate flexed forearm; flex forearm (at elbow)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the coracobrachialis m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: coracoid process (of scapula); middle 3rd of medial surface of humerus

Q: what is the fn of the coracobrachialis m.?
[...]
A: flex and adduct arm at shoulder

Q: what innervates the coracobrachialis m.?
[...]
A: musculocutaneous n. (C5-C7)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the brachialis m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: distal half of ant. humerus; coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna

Q: what innervates the brachialis m.?
[...]
A: musculocutaneous n. (C5-C6) and contribution from radial n. (C7)

Q: what is the fn of the brachialis m.?
[...]
A: flex forearm at elbow in all positions

where is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachii m.?
origin (long head): infraglenoid tubercle (of scapula)
origin (lateral head): post. surface of humerus
origin (medial head): post. surface of humerus (inf. to radial groove)
insertion: post. surface of olecranon

Q: what innervates the triceps brachii m.?
[...]
A: radial n. (C6-C8)

Q: what is the fn of the triceps brachii m.?
[...]
A: extends forearm at elbow (mainly medial head); long head helps stabilize head of humerus

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the anconeus m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. epicondyle of humerus; olecranon and proximal ulna

Q: what innervates the anconeus m.?
[...]
A: radial n. (C6-C8)

Q: what is the fn of the anconeus m.?
[...]
A: extension of forearm and stability to elbow joint

Q: what does the musculocutaneous n. (C5-C7) become in the forearm?
[...]
A: lat. cutaneous n. (serving lat. skin of forearm)

Q: what is the anatomical relation of the cephalic v. and basilic v.?
[...]
A: cephalic is lateral whereas basilic is medial

Q: which veins drain into the brachial vv.?
[...]
A: radial and ulnar vv. (brachial v. drains into axillary v.)

Q: what are the 3 main branches of the brachial a.?
[...]
A: profunda brachii, radial, ulnar

Q: A patient experiences elbow pain after falling off of a forklift at work. Imaging reveals a fracture of the medial epicondyle of their humerus. What nerve is most likely injured?
[...]
A: ulnar n.

Q: which lymph nodes receive drainage from the skin of the lower extremities, lower back, adbo wall below the umbilicus, gluteal region, and external genitalia?
[...]
A: superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Q: which lymph nodes receive drainage from the lat. border of foot and calf?
[...]
A: superficial popliteal lymph nodes

Q: what is the only joints attaching appendicular to axial skeleton?
[...]
A: sternoclavicular and sacroiliac joint

Q: which two ligaments form the coracoclavicular lig.?
[...]
A: trapezoid and conoid ligs.

Q: which 4 ligs. make up the sternoclavicular joint?
1-2. [...]
3. [...]
4. [...]
A: ant. & post. sternoclavicular lig.; interclavicular lig.; costoclavicular lig.

Q: what is the relation of the radius to the ulna in pronation?
[...]
A: distal radius crosses ulna anteriorly and medially (done by pronator quadratus & teres)

Q: which muscles supinate the forearm?
[...]
A: supinator and biceps brachii

Q: A patient presents with instability of her elbow after getting tackled during a rugby game. An x-ray reveals a fracture of the lateral epicondyle of her humerus. What ligament is most likely compromised?
[...]
A: radial collateral lig.
Extra: The radial collateral ligament extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament with which it blends. An injury at the lateral epicondyle would most directly affect the radial collateral ligament.

Q: what is the purpose of the valgus stress test?
[...]
A: to test MCL damage (apply valgus pressure to knee and lat. force to ankle)

Q: what is the purpose of the varus stress test?
[...]
A: to check for LCL damage (outward pressure on knee, medial force on ankle)

Q: what happens to the Q angle in genu valgum?
[...]
A: Q angle > normal

Q: what happens to the Q angle in genu varum?
[...]
A: Q angle < normal

Q: what is the most common cause of a Jefferson fracture?
[...]
A: compressive forces driving lateral masses and C1 vertebrae apart

Q: which muscles are commonly strained when improperly lifting heavy objects?
[...]
A: erector spinae

Q: which nerve(s) innervate the ant. forearm compartment?
[...]
A: mostly median and some ulnar

Q: which nerve(s) innervate the post. forearm compartment?
[...]
A: radial n.

what are the 4 major muscles of the superficial ant. compartment of the forearm?
1. pronator teres
2. flexor carpi radialis
3. palmaris longus
4. flexor carpi ulnaris

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
origin (humeral head): [...]
origin (ulnar head): [...]
insertion: [...]
A: medial epicondyle of humerus; olecranon & post. border of ulna; pisiform, hamate, 5th metacarpal

Q: what is the fn of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
[...]
A: flex and adducts hand

Q: what innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?
[...]
A: ulnar n. (C7-T1)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the palmaris longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: med. epicondyle of humerus; distal half of flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis

Q: what is the fn of the palmaris longus?
[...]
A: flexes hand at wrist and tightens palmar aponeurosis

Q: what innervates the palmaris longus m.?
[...]
A: median n. (C7-C8)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the flexor carpi radialis?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: med. epicondyle of humerus; base of 2nd metacarpal bone

Q: what innervates the flexor carpi radialis m.?
[...]
A: median n.

Q: what is the fn of the flexor carpi radialis m.?
[...]
A: flexes & abducts hand

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the pronator teres?
origin (humeral head): [...]
origin (ulnar head): [...]
insertion: [...]
A: medial epicondyle; coronoid process of ulna; middle of lat. surface of radius

Q: what innervates the pronator teres m.?
[...]
A: median n. (C6-C7)

Q: what is the fn of the pronator teres m.?
[...]
A: pronates and flexes forearm

Q: which muscle(s) make up the intermediate layer of the ant. forearm?
[...]
A: flexor digitorum superficialis

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
origin (humeroulnar head): [...]
origin (radial head): [...]
insertion: [...]
A: medial epicondyle (of humerus); proximal ant. radius; bodies of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits

Q: what innervates the flexor digitorum superificialis?
[...]
A: median n. (C8-T1)

Q: what is the fn of the flexor digitorum superificialis?
[...]
A: flexes middle phalanges of middle 4 digits; weakly flexes proximal phalanges, forearm, wrist

Q: what are the 3 muscles of the deep ant. forearm mm.?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: flexor digitorum profundus; flexor pollicis longus; pronator quadratus

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum profundus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: proximal 3/4 of ulna & interosseous membrane; palmar bases of distal phalanges of medial 4 digits

Q: what innervates the flexor digitorum profundus?
phalanges 2-3: [...]
phalanges 4-5: [...]
A: median n.; ulnar n.

Q: what is the fn of the flexor digitorum profundus?
[...]
A: flex distal phalanges of med. 4 digits; assists w/ wrist flexion

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the flexor pollicis longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ant. surface of radius & interosseous membrane; base of distal phalanx of thumb

Q: what innervates the flexor pollicis longus?
[...]
A: median n.

Q: what is the fn of the flexor pollicis longus?
[...]
A: flex phalanges of pollex (thumb)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the pronator quadratus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: distal 1/4 of ant. ulna; distal 1/4 of ant. radius

Q: what innervates the pronator quadratus?
[...]
A: median n. (C8-T1)

Q: what is the fn of the pronator quadratus?
[...]
A: pronates forearm and head (primary pronator of forearm)

Q: which nerve innervates the post. compartment of the forearm?
[...]
A: radial n. (C5-T1)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the brachioradialis?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: proximal 2/3 of lat. supracondylar ridge of humerus; lat. surface of distal end of radius

Q: what is the fn of the brachioradialis?
[...]
A: flex midpronated forearm at elbow ("beer drinking muscle")

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. supracondylar ridge of humerus; base of 2nd metacarpal bone

Q: what is the fn of the extensor carpi radialis longus?
[...]
A: extends and abducts hand at wrist

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. epicondyle of humerus; base of 3rd metacarpal bone

Q: what is the fn of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
[...]
A: extends and abducts hand at wrist

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. epicondyle of humerus; extensor expansions of medial 4 digits

Q: what is the fn of the extensor digitorum?
[...]
A: extends medial 4 digits at MCP joints; extends hand at wrist joint

which muscles make up the superficial post. forearm muscles?
1. bracioradialis
2. extensor carpi radialis longus
3. extensor carpi radialis brevis
4. extensor digitorum
5. extensor digiti minimi
6. extensor carpi ulnaris
Extra: Baked Chocolate Chips, Double Dip Cherries

which muscles make up the deep post. forearm muscles?
1. supinator
2. abductor pollicis longus
3. extensor pollicis longus
4. extensor pollicis brevis
5. extensor indicis
Extra: Syrup And Peanuts, Preferably Included

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor digiti minimi?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. epicondyle of humerus; extensor expansion of 5th digit

Q: what is the fn of the extensor digiti minimi?
[...]
A: extends 5th digit at MCP and IP joints

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. epicondyle of humerus & post. border of ulna; base of 5th metacarpal bone

Q: what is the fn of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
[...]
A: extends and adduct hand at wrist

Q: which muscles are called "outcropping muscles of deep layer" of post. forearm?
[...]
A: brevis sandwich: abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis & longus

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the supinator?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. epicondyle of humerus; olecranon process of ulna; lat. surface of radius

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the abductor pollicis longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: post. surface of radius and ulna; base of 1st metacarpal

Q: what is the fn of the abductor pollicis longus?
[...]
A: thumb abduction

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor pollicis brevis & longus?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: post. surface of ulna; base of 1st proximal (brevis) & distal (longus) phalanx

Q: what is the fn of the extensor pollicis brevis & longus?
[...]
A: extension of thumb

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the extensor indicis?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: post. surface of ulna; distal phalanges of 2nd digit

Q: what is the fn of the extensor indicis?
[...]
A: extension of 2nd digit; extension of wrist

Q: A patient has severe elbow pain after a fall while skateboarding. Imaging reveals a fracture of his medial epicondyle. What movement would be most severely affected by the fracture?
[...]
A: wrist flexion
Extra: Muscles that flex the wrist (flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis) have a common attachment at the medial epicondyle of the humerus. A fracture at this location would affect flexion at the wrist.

Q: which artery serves the deep palmar arch of the hand?
[...]
A: radial a.

Q: which artery serves the superficial palmar arch of the hand?
[...]
A: ulnar a.

what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
1. supraspinatus
2. infraspinatus
3. teres minor
4. subscapularis

Q: what is the fn of the supraspinatus m.?
[...]
A: stabilization and abduction at glenohumeral joint

Q: what is the fn of the infraspinatus m.?
[...]
A: stabilization and lateral rotation at glenohumeral joint

Q: what is the fn of the teres minor m.?
[...]
A: stabilization and lateral rotation at glenohumeral joint

Q: what is the fn of the subscapularis m.?
[...]
A: stabilization and medial rotation at glenohumeral joint

Q: where is the insertion of all rotator cuff muscles?
[...]
A: greater tubercle of humerus (except subscapularis)

Q: where is the origin of the supraspinatus m.?
origin: [...]
A: supraspinous fossa
Extra: all rotator cuff muscles insert into greater tubercle of humerus (except subscapularis which inserts into lesser tubercle)

Q: where is the origin of the infraspinatus m.?
origin: [...]
A: infraspinous fossa of scapula
Extra: all rotator cuff muscles insert into greater tubercle of humerus (except subscapularis which inserts into lesser tubercle)

Q: where is the origin of the teres minor m.?
origin: [...]
A: lat. aspect of post. side of scapula
Extra: all rotator cuff muscles insert into greater tubercle of humerus (except subscapularis which inserts into lesser tubercle)

Q: where is the origin of the subscapularis m.?
[...]
A: subscapular fossa of scapula (ant. side)
Extra: all rotator cuff muscles insert into greater tubercle of humerus (except subscapularis which inserts into lesser tubercle)

Q: A football player comes to the emergency department after getting tackled in a game. They seem to have dislocated their humerus anteriorly at the glenohumeral joint. Which structure is most likely torn due to this injury?
[...]
A: glenohumeral ligs.
Extra: The glenohumeral ligaments help to reinforce the anterior portion of the joint capsule. If a dislocation occurs anteriorly, it is likely that the glenohumeral ligaments are torn.

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: medial 1/2 of clavicle, manubrium, sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6; greater tubercle of humerus

Q: where is the fn of the pectoralis major m.?
[...]
A: adduction and medial rotation at glenohumeral joint; draw scapula anteriorly

Q: where is the fn of the pectoralis minor m.?
[...]
A: inf. rotation and protraction of scapula

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis minor m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: ribs 3-5; coracoid process of scapula

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the serratus ant. m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: lat. margin of upper ribs; med. border of scapula on ant. aspect

Q: where is the fn of the serratus ant. m.?
[...]
A: protraction of scapula

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the deltoid m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: clavicle, acromion, scapular spine; deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Q: what is the fn of the deltoid m.?
[...]
A: flexion, med. & lat. rotation, abduction at glenohumeral joint

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the teres major m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: inf. angle of scapula (post. side); upper 1/3 shaft of humerus

Q: what is the fn of the teres major m.?
[...]
A: extension, adduction, med. rotation at glenohumeral joint

what are the 4 main compartments of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
1. central
2. thenar
3. adductor
4. hypothenar

Q: what are the 3 main muscles of the thenar compartment of the hand?
[...]
A: opponens pollicis, abductor & flexor pollicis brevis (OAF)

Q: what is the fn of the abductor pollicis brevis?
[...]
A: abducts the thumb

Q: what innervates the abductor pollicis brevis?
[...]
A: median n. (recurrent branch; C8-T1)

Q: what is the fn of the flexor pollicis brevis?
[...]
A: flex proximal phalanx of thumb

Q: what innervates the flexor pollicis brevis?
[...]
A: median n. (recurrent branch; C8-T1)

Q: what is the fn of the opponens pollicis?
[...]
A: opposes thumb

Q: what innervates the opponens pollicis?
[...]
A: median n. (recurrent branch; C8-T1)

Q: what is the fn of the adductor pollicis?
[...]
A: adduct thumb

Q: what innervates the adductor pollicis?
[...]
A: ulnar n. (deep branch; C8-T1)

Q: which muscles are responsible for thumb reposition?
[...]
A: extensor pollicis longus

Q: which muscles are responsible for thumb extension?
[...]
A: extensor pollicis longus & brevis, abductor pollicis longus

Q: what are the 3 muscles of the hypothenar compartment of the hand?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: opponens digiti minimi; abductor digiti minimi; flexor digiti minimi brevis
Extra: "OAF" - opponens, abductor, flexor

Q: what is the fn of the abductor digiti minimi?
[...]
A: abduct 5th digit

Q: what is the fn of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
[...]
A: flexes 5th digit

Q: which nerve innervates all muscles of the hypothenar compartment?
[...]
A: ulnar n. (deep branch; C8-T1)

Q: what is the fn of the opponens digiti minimi?
[...]
A: opposes 5th digit

Q: which muscles make up the central compartment of the hand?
[...]
A: lumbricals (originate from tendons of flexor digitorum profundus)

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the lumbricals?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: tendons of flexor digitorum profundus; extensor expansions of digits 2-5

Q: what is the fn of the lumbricals?
[...]
A: flex MCP joints and extends IP joints (bye, bye motion)

Q: what innervates the lumbricals?
1st & 2nd: [...]
3rd & 4th: [...]
A: median n. (C8-T1); ulnar n. (deep branch; C8-T1)

Q: what is the fn of the dorsal interossei?
[...]
A: abducting digits 2-4 (DAB)

Q: what is the fn of the palmar interossei?
[...]
A: adducting digits 2, 4, 5 (PAD)

Q: which nerve innervates the dorsal & palmar interossei mm.?
[...]
A: ulnar n. (deep branch; C8-T1)

Q: A patient is experiencing left hand pain after a motor vehicle accident. She is unable to abduct or adduct the digits, or adduct the thumb on the left side. The sensation across the hand is intact. Which nerve is most likely damaged?
[...]
A: deep branch of ulnar n. (C8-T1)
Extra: The deep branch of the ulnar nerve gives motor innervation to the majority of the intrinsic hand muscles, but it does not provide any cutaneous sensory innervation. So when the deep branch of the ulnar nerve is damaged, sensation of the hand remains intact, but there is varied motor dysfunction such as the inability to adduct /abduct the 2nd to 5th digits and to adduct the thumb.

Q: which joint occurs btw the radius and proximal row of carpals?
[...]
A: radiocarpal joint

Q: which joints occur btw the carpal bones?
[...]
A: intercarpal joints

Q: which joints occur btw the carpals and metacarpals?
[...]
A: carpometacarpal joints

Q: A 23-year-old patient experiences lateral wrist and hand pain after a motor vehicle accident. During physical examination, she is unable to flex, extend, abduct, adduct, or oppose her thumb. Imaging reveals a dislocation of a carpal bone. What carpal bone is most likely dislocated?
[...]
A: trapezium
Extra: The first carpometacarpal joint is responsible for many of the movements of the thumb. It consists of the trapezium and the first metacarpal bone and is the only carpometacarpal joint that is a saddle type synovial joint .

Q: which structures pass through the carpal tunnel (space formed by the flexor retinaculum anteriorly)?
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
A: tendons of superficial & deep flexor digitorum mm.; flexor pollicis longus tendon; median n.

Q: which primary muscle and associated nerve abducts the arm from 0-15°?
muscle: [...]
nerve: [...]
A: supraspinatus; suprascapular

Q: which primary muscle and associated nerve abducts the arm from 15-90°?
muscle: [...]
nerve: [...]
A: deltoid; axillary

Q: which primary muscles and associated nerves abducts the arm from >90°?
muscles: [...]
nerve: [...]
A: trapezius and serratus ant.; accessory (traps) and long thoracic (SA)

Q: what are the rotator cuff muscles?
[...]
A: supraspinatus (suprascapular n.), infraspinatus (suprascapular n.), teres minor (axillary n.), subscapularis (upper & lower subscapular nn.)

Q: what are the 4 extrinsic post. axioappendicular muscles?
[...]
A: traps, lats, rhomboids, levator scapulae

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the trapezius m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: spinous processes of cervical & thoracic vertebrae, occipital bone; clavicle, acromion, scapular spine

Q: what is the fn of the trapezius m.?
[...]
A: elevation, depression, retraction of scapula; assists rotation of scapula

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the latissimus dorsi?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: spinous processes of lower thoracic & lumbar vertebrae; bicipital groove of humerus

Q: what is the fn of the latissimus dorsi m. in the glenohumeral joint?
[...]
A: extension, adduction, medial rotation at glenohumeral joint

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the rhomboids?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: spinous processes of C7-upper thoracic vertebrae; medial border of scapula

Q: what is the fn of the rhomboids?
[...]
A: inf. rotation and retraction of scapula

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: cervical vertebrae; upper medial border of scapula

Q: what is the fn of the levator scapula?
[...]
A: elevation of scapula

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the teres major?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: inf. angle of scapula; upper 1/3 shaft of humerus

Q: which nerve would most likely be injured in a supracondylar fracture of the humerus?
[...]
A: median n. (loss of wrist flexion and fn of LOAF; loss of sensation over thenar eminence and dorsal & palmar aspects of lat. 3.5 fingers)

Q: which nerve would most likely be damaged in the fracture of the med. epicondyle of the humerus?
[...]
A: ulnar n. (C8-T1)

Q: which nerve would most likely be damaged with compression of the axilla (e.g., due to crutches or sleeping w/ arm over chair)?
[...]
A: radial n. (C5-T1)

Q: which nerve would most likely be damaged in the midshaft fracture of humerus?
[...]
A: radial n. (C5-T1)

Q: which nerve would most likely be damaged w/ a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus or in ant. dislocation of humerus?
[...]
A: axillary n. (C5-C6; flattened deltoid, loss of arm abduction >15°, loss of sensation over deltoid & lat. arm)

Q: which vein is present in the cubital fossa?
[...]
A: median cubital v. (common phlebotomy site)

Q: A patient with a midshaft compound humeral fracture presents with bleeding and clinical signs of nerve entrapment. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured by the fracture?
[...]
A: radial n.
Extra: The radial nerve spirals around the posterior aspect of the midhumeral shaft and can be stretched or contused by a compound fracture of the humerus. This nerve innervates all the extensor muscles of the upper limb (posterior compartments of the arm and forearm).

Q: Following an assembly line worker's complaint of tingling pain in her wrist with muscle weakness and atrophy, her physician makes a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Which of the following muscles is most likely to be atrophied?
[...]
A: thenar m. (due to median n. compression resulting in "ape hand")
Extra: The thenar muscles are located at the base of the thumb and are innervated by the median nerve, which passes through the carpal tunnel and is prone to injury in excessive repetitive movements at the wrist.

Q: During your introductory course to clinical medicine, you are asked to take the radial pulse of your classmate. Which of the following muscle tendons can you use as a guide to locate the radial artery?
[...]
A: flexor carpi radialis
Extra: The radial pulse can be easily taken at the wrist where the radial artery lies just lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle.

Q: Which muscle-nerve combinations is tested when spreading the fingers against resistance?
[...]
A: dorsal interossei and ulnar n.
Extra: The dorsal interossei are innervated by the ulnar nerve and abduct the fingers (the little finger and thumb have their own abductors). This action is easily tested in a patient; dorsal interossei abduct the fingers (DAB) and palmar interossei adduct the fingers (PAD).

Q: which nerve is damaged with this sign when pt asked to extend fingers?
[...]
A: distal ulnar n.

Q: which nerve is damaged with this sign when trying to make a fist?
[...]
A: proximal ulnar n.

Q: which nerve is damaged with this sign when trying to extend fingers?
[...]
A: distal median n. ("median claw")

Q: which nerve is damaged with this sign when trying to make a fist?
[...]
A: proximal median n. ("hand of benediction / Pope's blessing")

Q: Despite injury to the radial nerve in the arm, a patient is still capable of supination of the forearm. Which muscle is supinating the forearm in this patient?
[...]
A: biceps brachii m.
Extra: While the supinator muscle is denervated (loss of radial nerve), the biceps brachii muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and is a powerful supinator when the elbow is flexed.

Q: A pulse may be taken at several locations on the upper limb. One such location is in the anatomical snuffbox, between the extensor pollicis brevis and longus tendons; at this location one may palpate the radial artery. In taking this pulse, the artery is pressed against which bone?
[...]
A: scaphoid bone
Extra: The radial pulse in the anatomical snuffbox may be palpated by pressing the artery against the underlying scaphoid tarsal. Most arterial pulses are felt by pressing the artery against an underlying bony structure.

Q: A football player has a dislocated shoulder. The trainer is able to reduce the dislocation, but the player still has significant pain over his dorsal shoulder and cannot abduct his arm in a normal manner. Which muscle has most likely been injured by the dislocation?
[...]
A: supraspinatus m.
Extra: The supraspinatus muscle is often injured by shoulder dislocation, which usually occurs in an anteroinferior direction. The supraspinatus muscle is critical for initiating the first 15 degrees of abduction at the shoulder before the deltoid muscle takes over.

Q: Which muscle's tendon has the highest rate of spontaneous rupture of any muscle tendon?
[...]
A: biceps brachii tendon (long head)
Extra: The biceps brachii tendon has the highest rate of spontaneous rupture of any muscle tendon in the body. Rupture of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon is the most common.

Q: The two heads of this muscle can compress the median nerve in the proximal forearm. What is this muscle?
[...]
A: pronator teres
Extra: The median nerve passes beneath the bicipital aponeurosis and then between the humeral and ulnar heads of the pronator teres muscle. This is the second most common site for median nerve compression after carpal tunnel compression at the wrist.

Q: which brachial plexus nerves are affected in erb palsy?
[...]
A: axillary, musculocutaneous, suprascapular (C5-C6 damaged)

Q: Patient presents with damage to the C5-C6 roots of the brachial plexus. What clinical feature would be observed?
[...]
A: erb palsy / waiter's tip position (weakness in biceps brachii, infraspinatus & teres minor, deltoid & supraspinatus)

Q: what clinical sign would be present in lower brachial plexus injuries (C8-T1 affected median and ulnar nn.)?
[...]
A: Klumpke palsy (loss of sensation on ulnar side of upper extremity, claw hand, paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles)

Q: Which nerve is most vulnerable to lesion with a shoulder dislocation?
[...]
A: axillary n.

Q: what clinical feature would you see in long thoracic n. injury (e.g., accident in dissection of axillary lymph nodes for breast cancer)?
[...]
A: winged scapula (scapula protrudes backwards)

Q: what clinical features would be seen if the median n. was damaged in a supracondylar fracture of the humerus?
[...]
A: wrist flexion weakness and cutaneous deficit

Q: what type of epicondylitis has pain radiating down post. forearm?
[...]
A: lateral epidoncylitis (repetitive use of extensor muscles; commonly seen in tennis players)

Q: what type of epicondylitis has pain radiating down ant. forearm?
[...]
A: medial epidoncylitis (repetitive use of flexor muscles; golfer's elbow)

Q: which bursa is affected in student's elbow?
[...]
A: subcutaneous olecranon bursa

Q: Child cries and refuses to use arm after they were swung by the arms by their parents. What most likely happened?
[...]
A: radial head dislocation (slipped out of annular lig.)

Q: what clinical sign might be seen in repetitive pronation and supination of the forearm?
[...]
A: finger drop due to weakness of finger extensors (unopposed finger flexors)

Q: which ligaments are susceptible to tearing in a shoulder separation?
[...]
A: acromioclavicular then coracoclavicular (trapezoid and conoid)

Q: which nerve might be affected in a glenohumeral joint dislocation?
[...]
A: axillary n.

Q: how to test for supraspinatus rotator cuff tear?
[...]
A: drop arm test (pt unable to smoothly lower arm mid-descent)

Q: what are the 4 ant. axioappendicuar muscles?
[...]
A: pec major & minor, subclavius, serratus ant.

Q: what innervates pectoralis minor m.?
[...]
A: medial pectoral n. (C8-T1)
Extra: as opposed to medial & lat. pectoral n. innervating pec MAJOR

Q: which ant. rami form the long thoracic n.?
[...]
A: C5-C7 (serves serratus ant.)

Q: what innervates the latissimus dorsi mm.?
[...]
A: thoracodorsal n. (C6-C8)
Extra: lat. dorsi ~ thoracodorsal

Q: which nerve innervates the rhomboids?
[...]
A: dorsal scapular n. (C4-C5)

Q: what innervates the deltoid m.?
[...]
A: axillary n. (C5-C6)

Q: what innervates teres major m.?
[...]
A: lower subscapular n. (C5-C6)

Q: what innervates the teres minor m.?
[...]
A: axillary n. (C5-C6)

Q: which muscles help elevate the scapula?
[...]
A: levator scapulae, rhomboids, traps (descending part)

Q: which muscles protract the scapula?
[...]
A: pec major & minor, serratus ant.

Q: which muscles help retract the scapula?
[...]
A: rhomboids, lats, traps (middle part)

Q: how far has the scapula rotated if the arm is at 90°?
[...]
A: 30° (2:1 ratio)

Q: what muscle contributes most to this motion?
[...]
A: extensor pollicis longus m.

Q: where is the origin and insertion of the quadratus lumborum m.?
origin: [...]
insertion: [...]
A: 12th ribs & lumbar transverse processes; iliac crest

Q: what is the fn of the quadratus lumborum m.?
[...]
A: extension & lat. flexion of vertebral column

Q: what nerve runs through Guyon's canal?
[...]
A: ulnar n.

Q: what is the highlighted muscle?
[...]
A: splenius capitus m.
Extra: origin: nuchal lig. and spinous processes C7-T6
insertion (splenius capitus): mastoid process and nuchal line
insertion (splenius cervicis): transverse processes C1-C3/4
fn: extension of head and neck, lat. flexion and rotation of head to active side

Q: from superficial to deep, what is the order of the thenar muscles?
[...]
A: abductor pollicis brevis -> flexor pollicis brevis -> opponens pollicis
Extra: for hypothenar muscles: abductor digiti minimi -> flexor digiti minimi -> opponens digiti minimi

Q: where is the insertion of the subscapularis?
[...]
A: lesser tubercle of humerus
Extra: origin is subscapular fossa

Q: where is the origin of the supinator m.?
[...]
A: lat. epicondyle

Q: what is the fn of the short head of the biceps femoris?
[...]
A: knee flexion ONLY (not extension of hip)

Q: where is the insertion of the brachialis m.?
[...]
A: coronoid process (of ulna)

Q: what is the fn of the adductor magnus?
[...]
A: hip adduction and extension

Q: what is the fn of the sartorius m.?
hip: [...]
knee: [...]
A: flexion, abduction, ext. rotation; flexion

Q: what is the fn of the fibularis longus & brevis?
[...]
A: ankle eversion + some ankle flexion

Q: what is the fn of the gastrocnemius?
[...]
A: flexion of knee & ankle plantarflexion

Q: which 2 muscles extend, adduct, and medially rotate arm at glenohumeral joint?
[...]
A: lats and teres major

Q: which muscles elevate the ribs?
[...]
A: external intercostals, subcostals, interchondral portion of int. intercostals

Q: which muscles depress the ribs?
[...]
A: transverse thoracis, internal intercostals: interosseous portion, innermost intercostals

Q: what are the main ant. axioappendicular mm.?
[...]
A: pec major & minor, serratus ant., subclavius

Q: what are the main extrinsic post. axioappendicular mm.?
[...]
A: traps, lats, rhomboids, levator scapulae

Q: what are the intrinsic post. axioappendicular mm.?
[...]
A: rotator cuff, deltoid, teres major

Q: which nerve is damaged?
[...]
A: common fibular n. (L4-S2)

Q: which nerve is damaged?
[...]
A: tibial n. (L4-S3)

Q: which nerve root is affected?
[...]
A: L4 (L3-L4 disc lvl herniation; weakness of knee extension, decreased patellar reflex)

Q: which nerve root is affected?
[...]
A: L5 (L4-L5 disc lvl herniation; weakness of dorsiflexion, difficulty in heel walking)

Q: which nerve root is affected?
[...]
A: S1 (L5-S1 disc lvl herniation; weakness of plantarflexion, difficulty in toe walking, decreased Achilles reflex)

Q: which structures would you penetrate when inserting a needle to perform a lumbar puncture?
[...]
A: skin -> subQ fat -> supraspinous lig. -> interspinous lig. -> ligamentum flavum -> epidural space -> dura -> arachnoid (at L3/4 or L4/5)

Q: which ligaments are affected in the unhappy triad?
[...]
A: ACL, MCL, medial meniscus

Q: 30M presents with unopposed extension of MCP joints, inability to flex their 4th and 5th distal IP joints when making a fist, and inability to cross fingers or grip a sheet of paper between digits 2-5. Which nerve is likely damaged?
[...]
A: ulnar n. (C8-T1)

Q: what is the fn of the coracobrachialis m.?
[...]
A: flexion and adduction at glenohumeral joint

Q: where is the origin of the brachioradialis?
[...]
A: lateral epicondyle